Korean grammar · TOPIK 1

Past tense (-았/었어요): Korean Grammar with Examples

Everything you need to use past tense (-았/었어요) correctly: the patterns, when to use them, examples with audio, common mistakes and exercises with answers.

Quick answer

았/었어요 is the polite past-tense ending. The rule: if the last vowel of the stem is ㅏ or ㅗ → 았어요; any other vowel → 었어요; and 하다 verbs → 했어요. Key patterns: Bright vowel + 았어요; Dark vowel + 었어요; Every 하다 verb becomes 했어요.

Patterns

FormStructureExample
Stem with ㅏ/ㅗ + 았어요V/A stem(ㅏ/ㅗ) + 았어요
Bright vowel + 았어요
가다 → 갔어요 / 오다 → 왔어요
to go → 'went' / to come → 'came'
가 + 았 contracts to 갔
Stem with another vowel + 었어요V/A stem(khác) + 었어요
Dark vowel + 었어요
먹다 → 먹었어요 / 마시다 → 마셨어요
to eat → 'ate' / to drink → 'drank'
하다 → 했어요하다 → 했어요
Every 하다 verb becomes 했어요
공부하다 → 공부했어요
to study → 'studied'
하 + 였 gives 하였, which contracts to 했 - a special case

How to use Past tense (-았/었어요)

1. Completed actions

Used for events that happened in the past

어제 영화를 봤어요.
I watched a film yesterday.

2. A state that no longer holds

Adjectives also take the past tense to describe a former state

어렸을 때 키가 작았어요.
I was short when I was little.

Key words

어제 (yesterday)지난주 (last week)아까 (a little while ago)전에 (before)그때 (at that time)작년 (last year)

Tips and common mistakes

Past tense (-았/었어요): exercises with answers

Pick the right option, then open the answer to check it.

1. Put 먹다 into the polite past tense: 어제 저녁에 피자를 ___.

Options: 먹았어요 · 먹었어요 · 먹었요 · 먹해요

Show answer

먹었어요. 먹다: the dark vowel ㅓ calls for 었어요, so 먹 + 었어요 = 먹었어요, 'ate'.

2. Put 가다 into the polite past tense: 지난주에 부산에 ___.

Options: 가았어요 · 가었어요 · 갔어요 · 갔었요

Show answer

갔어요. 가다: the bright vowel ㅏ calls for 았어요, and 가 + 았어요 contracts to 갔어요, 'went'.

3. Put 공부하다 into the past tense: 어제 밤에 한국어를 ___.

Options: 공부하았어요 · 공부하었어요 · 공부하요 · 공부했어요

Show answer

공부했어요. 하다 becomes 했어요, so 공부하다 gives 공부했어요, 'studied'.

4. Choose the correct sentence: 'I met a friend this morning.'

Options: 오늘 아침에 친구를 만나었어요. · 오늘 아침에 친구를 만나요. · 오늘 아침에 친구를 만났어요. · 오늘 아침에 친구를 만났요.

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오늘 아침에 친구를 만났어요.. 만나다: 만나 + 았 contracts to 만났, giving 만났어요, "met". 만나요 is present tense and does not fit something that happened this morning.

5. Choose the correct sentence: 'Last year I was in Hanoi.'

Options: 작년에 하노이에 없었어요. · 작년에 하노이에 이었어요. · 작년에 하노이에 있았어요. · 작년에 하노이에 있었어요.

Show answer

작년에 하노이에 있었어요.. 있다: the dark vowel ㅣ calls for 었어요, so 있 + 었어요 = 있었어요, 'was there' or 'had'.

6. Put 보다 into the polite past tense: 어제 드라마를 ___.

Options: 밨어요 · 보었어요 · 봈어요 · 봤어요

Show answer

봤어요. 보다: the vowel ㅗ takes 았어요, and 보 + 았 contracts to 봤, giving 봤어요. The sentence means "I watched a drama yesterday."

7. Put 마시다 into the polite past tense: 아침에 우유를 ___.

Options: 마샀어요 · 마셨어요 · 마시았어요 · 마싰어요

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마셨어요. 마시다: the vowel ㅣ takes 었어요, and 시 + 었 contracts to 셨, giving 마셨어요. The sentence means "I drank milk in the morning."

8. Put 살다 (to live) into the polite past tense: 저는 서울에서 3년 동안 ___.

Options: 사었어요 · 살았어요 · 살았요 · 살었어요

Show answer

살았어요. 살다: the vowel ㅏ takes 았어요 and the ㄹ stays, giving 살았어요. The sentence means "I lived in Seoul for three years."

9. Put 바쁘다 (busy) into the polite past tense: 지난주에 정말 ___.

Options: 바빠었어요 · 바빴어요 · 바뻤어요 · 바쁘었어요

Show answer

바빴어요. 바쁘다: the ㅡ drops and the vowel of the previous syllable, ㅏ, decides the ending, so 았어요: 바빴어요. The sentence means "I was really busy last week."

10. Put noun + 이다 into the past tense: 어제는 제 생일___.

Options: 였어요 · 이었어요 · 이였어요 · 있었어요

Show answer

이었어요. 생일 ends in the consonant ㄹ, so it takes 이었어요 (였어요 is only after a vowel). 이였어요 is a misspelling. The sentence means "Yesterday was my birthday."

11. Put 쓰다 (to write) into the polite past tense: 친구에게 편지를 ___.

Options: 썻어요 · 썼어요 · 쓰았어요 · 쓰었어요

Show answer

썼어요. 쓰다: the ㅡ drops, giving 썼어요 (with the final ㅆ, not ㅅ). The sentence means "I wrote a letter to my friend."

12. Choose the correct sentence: 'It was very cold yesterday.'

Options: 어제는 날씨가 아주 추왔어요. · 어제는 날씨가 아주 추워요. · 어제는 날씨가 아주 추웠어요. · 어제는 날씨가 아주 춥었어요.

Show answer

어제는 날씨가 아주 추웠어요.. 춥다 is ㅂ-irregular: ㅂ becomes 우, and 우 + 었 gives 웠, so 추웠어요. 추워요 is present tense and does not fit 어제. The sentence means "The weather was very cold yesterday."

13. Choose the correct sentence: 'Last week I worked from home.'

Options: 지난주에 집에 일했어요. · 지난주에 집에서 일하었어요. · 지난주에 집에서 일핬어요. · 지난주에 집에서 일했어요.

Show answer

지난주에 집에서 일했어요.. 일하다 becomes 일했어요 (하 + 였 = 했). The place where an action happens takes 에서, not 에. The sentence means "I worked at home last week."

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