Korean grammar · TOPIK 2

Resulting states (-아/어 있다): Korean Grammar with Examples

Everything you need to use resulting states (-아/어 있다) correctly: the patterns, when to use them, examples with audio, common mistakes and exercises with answers.

Quick answer

-아/어 있다 expresses the state that continues after an action is completed. It is not the action in progress but the condition it leaves behind - unlike -고 있다, which is the action itself happening. Key patterns: In the state left behind by the action; In the state of....

Patterns

FormStructureExample
ㅏ/ㅗ + 아 있다V stem(ㅏ/ㅗ) + 아 있어요
In the state left behind by the action
의자에 앉아 있어요.
He is sitting on the chair - that is the position he is in.
Other vowels + 어 있다V stem(khác) + 어 있어요
In the state of...
문이 열려 있어요.
The door is open - that is the state it is in.

How to use Resulting states (-아/어 있다)

1. A person's posture or position

After posture verbs: 앉다, 서다, 눕다

침대에 누워 있어요.
She is lying on the bed.

2. The state an object is in

After verbs of change of state: 열리다, 닫히다, 켜지다

TV가 켜져 있어요.
The TV is on - that is the state it is in.

Key words

아/어 있어요 (is in that state)아/어 있었어요 (was in that state)벌써 (already)이미 (already)

Tips and common mistakes

Resulting states (-아/어 있다): exercises with answers

Pick the right option, then open the answer to check it.

1. Fill in 'is standing': 서다: 문 앞에 ___ 있어요.

Options: 사 · 서 · 서어 · 섰어

Show answer

서. 서다: the stem vowel ㅓ calls for 어 있다, and 서 + 어 must contract to 서, giving 서 있어요, "is standing" (a state). The sentence means "Someone is standing in front of the door."

2. Fill in 'the window is open' as a state: 열리다: 창문이 열려 ___.

Options: 고 있어요 · 없어요 · 있어서요 · 있어요

Show answer

있어요. 열려 있어요 means the window is in an open state, after being opened: 열리다 → 열려 있다.

3. Choose the correct sentence: 'He is sitting on the chair' - the position, not the act of sitting down

Options: 그는 의자에 앉고 있어요. · 그는 의자에 앉아 있는 중이에요. · 그는 의자에 앉아 있어요. · 그는 의자에 앉아요.

Show answer

그는 의자에 앉아 있어요.. 앉아 있다 is being in a seated position, the result of sitting down; 앉고 있다 is the act of sitting down itself.

4. Choose the correct sentence: 'The light is off.'

Options: 불이 꺼고 있어요. · 불이 꺼져 있어요. · 불이 꺼져요. · 불이 꺼지고 있어요.

Show answer

불이 꺼져 있어요.. 꺼지다 is the passive 'to go off', so 꺼져 있다 is being in the off state, while 꺼지고 있다 is in the process of going off.

5. Choose the correct sentence: 'She is wearing a red skirt' - already has it on

Options: 그녀는 빨간 치마를 입고 있어요. · 그녀는 빨간 치마를 입는 것 같아요. · 그녀는 빨간 치마를 입아 있어요. · 그녀는 빨간 치마를 입어 있어요.

Show answer

그녀는 빨간 치마를 입고 있어요.. For clothes use -고 있다, never -아/어 있다: 입고 있어요 covers both putting it on and having it on.

6. State of posture: 앉다: 할머니가 의자에 ___ 있어요.

Options: 앉는 · 앉아 · 앉어 · 앉으

Show answer

앉아. 앉다: the vowel ㅏ takes 아 있다, giving 앉아 있어요, "is seated". The sentence means "Grandmother is sitting on the chair."

7. State after closing (닫히다): 창문이 ___ 있어요.

Options: 닫고 · 닫아 · 닫혀 · 닫혀서

Show answer

닫혀. -아/어 있다 goes with intransitive or passive verbs: 닫히다 gives 닫혀 있어요, "is closed". 닫다 is transitive, so 닫아 있다 is wrong. The sentence means "The window is closed."

8. State: 붙다 (to be stuck on): 벽에 사진이 ___ 있어요.

Options: 붙고 · 붙아 · 붙어 · 붙여

Show answer

붙어. 붙다 is intransitive: the vowel ㅜ takes 어 있다, giving 붙어 있어요, "is stuck on". 붙이다 is transitive, so 붙여 있다 is wrong. The sentence means "There is a photo on the wall."

9. State: 피다 (to bloom): 공원에 꽃이 많이 ___ 있어요.

Options: 펴 · 피아 · 피어 · 피으

Show answer

피어. 피다: the vowel ㅣ takes 어 있다, giving 피어 있어요, "are in bloom". 펴 comes from 펴다 (to unfold). The sentence means "Lots of flowers are in bloom in the park."

10. State of posture: 서다 (to stand): 학생들이 줄을 ___ 있어요.

Options: 사 · 서 · 서어 · 섰어

Show answer

서. 서다 + 어 contracts to 서. 줄을 서 있어요 means "are standing in line". The sentence means "The students are standing in line."

11. State: 켜지다 (the light is on): 방에 불이 ___ 있어요.

Options: 켜 · 켜고 · 켜저 · 켜져

Show answer

켜져. 켜지다 is intransitive, giving 켜져 있어요, "is on". 켜다 is transitive, so 켜 있다 is wrong. The sentence means "The light is on in the room."

12. Choose the correct sentence: 'My name is written in the book.' (state)

Options: 책에 제 이름을 쓰여 있어요. · 책에 제 이름이 쓰고 있어요. · 책에 제 이름이 쓰어 있어요. · 책에 제 이름이 쓰여 있어요.

Show answer

책에 제 이름이 쓰여 있어요.. The passive 쓰이다 gives 쓰여 있다, "is written" (a state). The subject takes 이/가, not 을. The sentence means "My name is written in the book."

13. Choose the correct sentence: 'There is a wallet lying on the street.'

Options: 길에 지갑을 떨어져 있어요. · 길에 지갑이 떨어 있어요. · 길에 지갑이 떨어저 있어요. · 길에 지갑이 떨어져 있어요.

Show answer

길에 지갑이 떨어져 있어요.. 떨어지다: ㅣ + 어 becomes ㅕ, giving 떨어져 있어요, "is lying there (having fallen)". The sentence means "There is a wallet lying on the street."

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